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Nevertheless, at engineering strains larger than 5% a small dislocation pile-up was once observed temporarily at the boundary.
The mean crystallite size calculated on the basis of the Debye-Scherrer model was 24 nm and a small dislocation density of 1.7×10−3nm−2 was obtained, indicating the existence of few lattice defects and good crystallinity.
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The large grains contained a variety of defects that included twins, dislocation lines, small dislocation loops and stacking-fault tetrahedra.
Small dislocation loops which size is 4 nm were also observed in Fig. 2.
However, helium platelets and small dislocation loops (∼50 nm in diameter) were observed in the single crystal sample with the highest implantation fluence after 1 h annealing at 700 °C.
In body-centered cubic (bcc) metals, this mechanical property degradation is caused by the interaction of in-grown dislocations with irradiation defects, particularly small dislocation loops resulting from the microstructural evolution of displacement cascades.
This leads to smaller grains, with a low dislocation density in their interior and large-angle grain boundaries.
At high strain amplitudes (γpl>3.0×10−4), however, the dislocation structure is dominated by planar dislocation loops and tangles; in this case a small amount of dislocation multipoles and a special zigzagged structure are also detected.
The time-resolved PL of the annealed layers, in combination with electron microscopy, shows that the Er emission at 1.54 μm contains a fast component attributed to non-radiative recombination at deep states due to small dislocations.
When the volume is small, dislocations are hindered after impinging the TB, and the cutting through TB results in the first load-drop.
Even if the sound source localization errors result in small dislocations between the true target source position and the beamformer focal point, r s = r i + Δ r error ≈ r i, as long as the DPD variance is much smaller than the wavelengths of significant speech signal frequencies, the phases of exponential arguments are still limited to a small range and result in significant coherent sums.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com