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For all his failures in Syria since the civil war commenced in 2011, Mr. Obama has pursued a singular strategy focused on recapturing the ISIS Syrian of capital of Raqqa without deploying American troops to do so - relying on surrogates instead - his 21st century version of colonial-era Hessians German mercenaries fighting alongside the British.
According to [21] and [22], at a singular strategy several evolutionary outcomes are possible.
These classifications are based on the assumption that, away from a singular strategy, the principle of mutual exclusion holds so that, after a successful invasion, the nearby invading population takes over and replaces the resident population.
However, in a small neighbourhood of a singular strategy, the successful invasion by a nearby mutant can, under certain conditions, result in the coexistence of the invader and of the resident type populations [22].
A singular strategy can: lack convergence stability and therefore act as an evolutionary repellor; be both evolutionarily and convergence stable and therefore be the final outcome of the evolution (also called 'continuously stable strategy'); and, finally, be convergence stable but not evolutionarily stable, in which case it is called a 'branching point'.
At this point, an evolutionary endpoint is reached, known as a singular strategy.
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In this paper, for each parameter combination, we always found a single singular strategy that was both evolutionary and continuously stable, that is, the singular strategy is a continuously stable strategy (CSS; Maynard Smith 1982).
A phenotypic value for which the local fitness gradient is zero is called an 'evolutionarily singular strategy' [21], in our case denoted by b*.
From Table 1 it follows that this is only possible when K is a convex function near the singular strategy b*(see Figure 5A left for an example).
Today a singular grand strategy doesn't exist, and partisanship plays a larger and larger role in national security strategy.
Table 1 shows that convex K does not always imply that the singular strategy b* is a repellor.
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