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"I read the papers cover to cover, and I never saw a single item about this project or the special lease".
The severity of snoring was assessed by a single item about the frequency of snoring.
The presence of depressive symptoms was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale, exposures were a standard 8-item collective efficacy scale and a single item about elderly participation in groups.
While a single item about depressed mood is not equivalent to a comprehensive review of depressive symptoms, the strong relationship found provides and interesting basis for future research.
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Cognitive social capital was assessed by a single item inquiring about the respondent's perception of trust in their community: "People in my neighborhood trust each other".
A single item asks about the number of close friends and family members.
Academic achievements and academic pressure were captured by a single item asking about a personal appraisal of students' performances or pressure relative to that of their classmates (responses were coded as 'above average'averageand' and below 'average'average
Sunbathing was assessed with a single item that asked about the frequency (from 1 = never to 5 = always) of spending time in the sun to get a tan last summer.
Finally, using the last measured value during the study period, we assessed baseline level of self-reported social support using a single item that asks about the number of individuals available to provide tangible support (23), and we assessed quality of life using the mental and physical health composite scores of the RAND 36 Survey (24).
Distress about melanoma was assessed with a single item ("How distressed are you currently about the diagnosis and treatment of your family member's melanoma"?) with response options from 1 = not at all distressed to 5 = extremely distressed.
Self-reported all cause sick leave is measured using a single item question asking the workers about their full days of absence from work due to sick leave in the past 3 months.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com