Mr. Sherman's estimates show unemployment (active job hunters as a share of the labor force) at 35 percent in the bottom quintile, compared with about 9 percent in the middle quintile and 4 percent in the top quintile.
Figure 1 plots unemployment rates by duration, expressed as a share of the labor force, for the period between 1976 and 2016.
In 2016 the same cohorts also present the highest LTU rates as a share of the labor force (not shown),7 but in the cases of youth and immigrants these high LTU rates are mostly driven by the relatively high inflow into unemployment.
As a share of the labor force, union membership is at its lowest level since 1916.
I think we're looking at something more of a division of labor, where the coalition retains the security function, where the U.N. and international agencies assume a lead role on the humanitarian side and where there's a division of labor or a sharing of responsibility on the political and economic side among governments, the U.N. and, increasingly, Iraqis".
An implication of (10) is that higher expected adjustment in the average wage in the next period is accompanied by a lower share of labor in current period revenue (f t <α).
An elasticity of −1.0 would imply that a constant share of labor income is spent on human capital investments regardless of how many children couples have, so that a country with a TFR (F) of 3 would spend one third as much per child relative to labor income as a country with a TFR (F) of 1.
Our empirical results suggest that human capital expenditures per child are substantially higher where fertility is lower, to the extent that the product of the total fertility rate and human capital spending per child is roughly a constant share of labor income across countries, although total spending per child falls with fertility.
In column (1) we show that countries with a better business environment have on average a significant lower share of labor allocated to small plants.
If the wife is older than the husband, this already expresses more modern perspectives which are reflected also in more modern views on female labor market participation and a more equal share of labor).
