Lozman argues, however, that Hartman cannot be extended to arrest cases because arrest cases do not share the causation concerns that motivated Hartman.
We show that, for modest (or greater) effect sizes, common SNPs appear not to contribute to causation shared across the partial epilepsies.
First, there might be medical explanations, such as shared risk factors, causation and complications, e.g. the association between diseases that constitute the metabolic syndrome and musculoskeletal disorders.
Therefore, it is unlikely that there is any shared common genetic causation for the partial epilepsies that acts across syndromes in European populations.
Rosenberg, A, Causation and Counterfactuals: Lewis Treatment ReconsideredDialoguegue, vol. 18 no.
The motivation for this model is that any polygenic component of disease causation should be shared among individuals according to their kinships.
Snow's views on cholera causation were not shared by The Royal College of Physicians, who considered Snow's thesis and rejected it as untenable (Barau and Greenbough 1992).
Thus, whether or not host-defense manipulation improves an herbivore's fitness depends on interactions with other herbivores via induced-host defenses, implicating bidirectional causation of community structure of herbivores sharing a plant.
Observational studies on the association of transfusion and adverse outcome have been recognized as sharing a common limitation: They do not distinguish between residual confounding, e.g. a sicker patient needing more transfusions, and actual causation [ 13- 15].
An agent, it is said, is a persisting substance; causation by an agent is causation by such a substance.
