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To better compare HelixTree and Partek, log2 ratios were created by normalizing raw intensity data against a set of reference samples from a given batch in HelixTree, and then were called by Partek and HelixTree for CNVs using segmentation.

These laboratories can collect and characterize a set of reference samples from acutely ill patients in their region, and if necessary some of the characterization assays may be carried by another laboratory; they can then design a reliable 2-dimensional classifier based only on the IgG levels quantified by a clinical assay kit and the number of days of symptoms reported by the patient.

Sequence electropherograms obtained for the env C2-V3 and pol regions were respectively aligned against a set of reference strains from HIV-1 group M subtypes using CLUSTAL X [ 19].

Linkage disequilibrium between SNPs in a gene is taken into account by using simulation based on the pre-calculated linkage disequilibrium structure of a set of reference individuals from the HapMap phase 2 CEU population.

Here f m e a n j (c d n i ) is the mean frequency of codon cdn i in the genome of species j and f r e f j (c d n i ) is the codon usage in a set of reference genes from genome j.

TE detection in genomic sequences is typically performed using similarity searches against a set of reference sequences built from previously identified TEs.

To assess the quality of the transcriptome assembly, transcript contigs were compared against a set of reference sequences obtained from the Ensembl genome annotation of medaka [ 17], the closest relative of N. furzeri.

Although it is possible to use a combination of housekeeping genes [ 14], a reference gene or a set of reference genes selected from the expression data matrix of the target tissues is more desirable because the measurement of other tissues is not performed in diagnostic practice.

As illustrated in Fig.  2, our methodology comprises three steps: (i) obtaining the confounding adjusted signal score for each drug ADR pair from individual health data; (ii) calibrating the signal scores based on the empirical distribution derived from a set of reference negative controls; (iii) combining calibrated signal scores from disparate databases.

IMPUTE explicitly specifies a set of reference haplotypes (e.g., haplotypes from the HapMap project), as the pool of hidden states of the Markov Chain, and infers haplotypes and missing genotypes in test samples according to these hidden states [5].

Except for the mucins, the sputum compositional data presented here are in good agreement with data from other compositional studies (23) and provide a set of reference data for comparison of secretory proteins from pathological states of the lung, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, CF, and lung cancer, in culture and sputum.

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