In the BDP, the flow cost of a set of commodities through a network is minimized while observing budget constraints on the fixed costs of the links used.
Given a set of commodities and a network where some arcs can fail while others are reliable, we consider a routing problem with respect to a survivability requirement that each commodity can be split among pairs of failure-disjoint paths.
Given a network and a set of commodities, the network design problem with relays involves selecting network edges, determining a route for each commodity, and locating relays to minimize the network design cost.
In a capacitated graph with a set of commodities, the sparsity of a cut is the ratio between the capacity of the cut and the demand of the commodities separated by the cut.
In this paper we address a problem consisting of determining the routes and the hubs to be used in order to send, at minimum cost, a set of commodities from sources to destinations in a given capacitated network.
If Ulman shows us how Instagram reduces the user to a brand defined by a set of commodities and platitudes, Abraham makes a grotesque joke by collating a brand with images from the darkest corners of the internet.
Each dot is the RSD of a pesticide-ion ratio obtained for a set of 21 commodities.
Although such an approach perhaps could be employed to investigate basic research areas of a select set of commodity chemicals, it is difficult to envision for regulatory scientific studies within a modernized TSCA that would need to deal with the approximately 15,000 chemicals that the U.S. EPA estimates are currently in commerce (U.S. EPA 2010a).
The vehicles can deliver any set of commodities and multiple visits to a customer are allowed only if the customer requests multiple commodities.
This implies that we (only) assume stable preferences over a period of five quarters.10 Finally, in what follows, we focus on a set of 15 nondurable commodity groups.11 We note that the movements in the observed price vectors are nonproportional.
