Actually, noradrenaline infusion increases salivary alpha-amylase, a digestive enzyme secreted from the salivary glands that has been proposed as a sensitive surrogate maker for activity stress [8].
Although a positive PCR result does not imply the presence of viable bacteria, it represents a sensitive surrogate marker for the presence of B. pseudomallei in the environment.
This finding may indicate that modest elevations in air pollutants worsen blood pressure control, consequently leading to higher outpatient health service use or alternatively, that hypertension is a sensitive surrogate marker for multiple comorbidities.
In RA, it has recently been demonstrated that the number of sublining CD68+ macrophages is a sensitive surrogate marker for response to therapy [ 16], even if this feature was only found to correlate with ESR in RA in the present cross-sectional study and was clearly less robust than the previously discussed SpA parameters.
For example, in osteoporosis, bone density is a sensitive surrogate marker, but this does not easily permit the demonstration of the superiority of a specific diet (in a nutritional intervention trial) on the target population of seniors.
To compare DNA lesions in cisplatin-resistant versus cisplatin-sensitive gastric cancer cells, we determined the phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2aX), a sensitive surrogate marker of DSB by immunofluorescence staining.
On the other hand, an enhancement of HF oscillations in HR could be considered as an early and sensitive surrogate for TdP liability when associated with evidence of hERG-blocking properties, such as QT prolongation.
Urinary KIM-1 concentration is closely correlated with the severity of kidney injury, representing a noninvasive and sensitive surrogate biomarker for diagnosing, monitoring, and quantifying kidney damage [ 157].
Copeptin, or COOH-terminal proarginine vasopressin, is released in equimolar amounts to AVP during precursor processing and has been found to be a stable and sensitive surrogate marker for AVP (11, 12).
