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Linear chromosomes are atypical in bacteria and likely a secondary trait derived from ancestral circular molecules.
Many in the business world rate it as a secondary trait, usually pointing out that unquestioned loyalty leads to excuse-making, which in turn can lead to accepting bad behavior, which can then lead to spectacular failures.
Very high levels of DBF were found for most of the item sets considered in this study, implying that diverse cultural groups have a different conditional probability of endorsing some sets of items due to the items measuring a secondary trait in addition to the main trait the scale was designed to measure.
These results reveal that the absence of the PPGP motif from mammalian TSP-5 is a secondary trait that is not inherent to all forms of TSP-5.
To this end, we used bayestraits (available from http://www.evolution.rdg.ac.uk) to recalculate estimated transitions rates of the infection outcome, given that they could be affected by a secondary trait (in this case, the host's IL28B-917 genotype).
We divide the possible mechanisms into 2 cases: 1) vertical pleiotropy, where a variant is associated with multiple risk factors due to the causal effect of the primary risk factor on a secondary trait, and 2) functional pleiotropy, where the genetic variant is associated with multiple pathways.
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However, incorporation of secondary trait(s) as a selection criterion in breeding is hampered by complex phenotypic protocols.
Interestingly, another secondary trait, PHI, also showed a significant positive correlation with the HI.
Thanks to these features, the periorbital ring of the diamond dove can be defined as a secondary sexual trait.
Although agrobacteria are well known to be pathogenic to plants by inducing crown gall disease, this is a secondary ecological trait related to the availability of a dispensable plasmid (i.e., Ti plasmid which harbors the pathogenicity determinants).
On one hand, a negative relationship between a secondary sexual trait and immune responses would support the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH; Folstad and Karter 1992; Wedekind and Folstad 1994).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com