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First, genetic equilibration may have occurred subsequent to a secondary introduction of C. maenas individuals into an already established C. aestuarii population in Tokyo Bay.
The genetic similarity between Romania and Beijing populations may be explained either by commercial trade with the same (unsampled) region(s) in North America, or by a secondary introduction from Romania to China (since we observed lower diversity in Beijing).
Records around Hong-Kong in 1988 (n = 6) were excluded from this analysis because they were considered as a secondary introduction from abroad, independent from populations originating from Nanjing.
The actual origins of the Mediterranean populations of a species widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean may be their populations in the Red Sea, both from the Indian or Pacific oceans, or a secondary introduction from already established populations in the Mediterranean itself [e.g., [50]].
However, the most considerable upturn was a secondary introduction from Turkey to Hungary during the 16th century [ 34].
This is even more plausible given that Western European invasive populations correspond to a secondary introduction from a previously invaded area in Western USA [ 45].
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A mainly European origin of feral cats in Australia, with possible secondary introductions from Asia following the initial establishment of cats in Australia is reasonable.
Our results indicate a mainly European origin of feral cats in Australia with possible secondary introductions from Asia following the initial establishment of cats in Australia.
High reproduction can facilitate rapid spread and secondary introductions into other areas.
In a span of only 40 years, they have spread into other parts of the world through multiple accidental introductions (both primary and "stepping stone" secondary introductions) from the hulls or ballast water of international maritime traffic, aquaculture equipment, and shipments of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas).
There are very few primary introductions known in the Baltic Sea (e.g., the fishhook water flea [Cercopagis pengoi], zebra mussel [Dreissena polymorpha] and some Pacific salmonids [Oncorhynchus spp.]) while the Baltic has historically been and still is subject to secondary introductions from both the North Sea area and adjacent inland waters ([170] and references therein).
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