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Note that one can estimate a rough upper bound on the performance of a system where the two CSGs use orthogonal bands by scaling the no CSG results of Figure 4(a) by half.
[ACR: I did a quick Google Scholar search for "CO2 climate change greenhouse" to put a rough upper bound on this and got ~9,000 papers so far in 2011.] But, every year, one or two skeptical papers get published, and these are then trumpeted by sympathetic media outlets as if they'd discovered the wheel.
This gives only a rough upper bound on the time required if a pipeline was designed from the ground up to use both methods; since the majority of sequences are identified in common by both approaches, many alignments are unnecessarily performed multiple times, in addition to the simple overhead of running two searches and combining the results.
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The shape of ρ(E) gives a rough upper bound of the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the N = 1 Landau Level.
Based on these results, a median error of 5 mm can be seen as a rough upper bound for future methods which perform pure 3D tracking.
Additionally, this error serves as a rough upper bound for methods which perform pure 3D tracking.
However, for designs with more than three observations per subject, Kunert and Utzig (1993) only give a rough upper bound for the worst-case variance bias.
V r should never be much larger than about 0.6 to 0.7 ml/ml which appears to be a rough upper bound for the K 1 / k 2 ratio.
Finally, for each species, we averaged the rate of mutation of the loci presenting a significant difference between RST and FST to compute a rough lower bound of the time elapsed since the divergence of populations, and we used the average rate of mutation of the other loci to compute a rough upper bound of this time.
Although Equation (25) shows a tight upper bound on the channel capacity, in some regions, there are bounds that are a bit tighter than the above bound.
Secondly, it provides a minimized upper bound on the output.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com