The paper of Martin et al. is unusual in that it applies a rigorous hypothesis-testing framework to WGD in the case of the yeast S. cerevisiae.
This qualitative measure is not based on a rigorous hypothesis-testing framework and does not have a probabilistic interpretation such as a P-value obtained from standard methods.
However, if we are to determine whether subgroup-tailored treatment or generic treatment is better clinical practice, imperfect hypothesis-setting studies will need to be tolerated in the knowledge that further testing is required in a rigorous hypothesis-testing phase and subsequent validation phases.
The resulting agroecozones provide a framework for future rigorous hypothesis testing.
To consider the evolutionary effects of missionization on native populations, I used several microevolutionary analyses which directly link statistical results to genetic characteristics of populations in a way that allows rigorous hypothesis testing (see Relethford 2003; Relethford et al. 1997).
To enhance insights into the processes that influenced the evolutionary history of this widespread passerine, future investigations should increase geographic sampling intensity in the northeastern portion of the species range and evaluate alternative scenarios through a more rigorous hypothesis-testing framework (such as Approximate Bayesian computation).
In sum, the versatile probabilistic framework of SCFGs enables us to perform rigorous hypothesis testing on RDS data for a wide range of models of recruitment dynamics.
These descriptive statistics do not allow rigorous hypothesis testing, but they do allow a more nuanced comparison of arguments made across states than a more interpretive analysis.
But among people in this small (but vocal) group of detractors, as across science more generally, there is a tendency to want to say that "what we do is science and what you do isn't" – and to draw sharp dividing lines between "rigorous hypothesis testing" and "storytelling".
In this instance, volunteers would explain that evolution is rooted in the scientific theory and rigorous hypothesis testing; observations can be made about evolution in the lab and in the field.
"The main question that we ask job applicants is: 'Do you have a story to tell?'" In hiring early career scientists, Novartis looks for candidates who have demonstrated that they ask big picture questions and do rigorous hypothesis driven research, he says.
