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It is commonly accepted that IR is strongly coupled with the notion of intended meaning of concepts: a retrieved document is considered to be relevant to a query if the intended meanings of the authors of a document are relevant to the intended meaning of that query.
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Figure 2 illustrates this difference between standard QA, for which explicit answers are found in retrieved documents, and deep QA, for which implicit answers are found in the output of a supervised classifier applied a posteriori on these retrieved documents.
In structured document retrieval a GUI has to enable a user to query, browse retrieved documents, provide query refinement and relevance feedback based not only on full documents, but also on specific document parts in relation to the document structure.
The KNN classifier can be viewed as a form of pseudo relevance feedback in which the top retrieved documents for a query are used for query refinement.
The issue addressed in this article is the extraction of GO answers from MEDLINE abstracts, in the framework of a QA system that exploit retrieved documents to output answers.
Retrieved documents are classified into a binary relevance scheme as eligible or ineligible for inclusion in the review.
A researcher's judgments as to which initially retrieved documents are relevant, or not, can be leveraged to predict additional relevant documents.
Mr. Richelson retrieved documents about Echelon through requests under the Freedom of Information Act.
Conversely, CLIR, COOP and HybridCache maintain their number of retrieved documents.
They argue that project archives may provide insufficient contextual information to help people understand the meaning of retrieved documents.
Investigators retrieved documents related to topics including the payment Trump's longtime lawyer and "fixer" made to former adult film star Stormy Daniels, reported the Times. .
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com