Activities of Daily Living (ADL) difficulties: fall risk if he or she had difficulties with a least two out of the three following questions of Groningen Activity Restriction Scale: a) Can you, fully independently, go up and down the stairs; b) Can you, fully independently, walk outdoors (if necessary with a cane); and c) Can you, fully independently, take care of your feet and toenails?
Clinical status was evaluated in all individuals using the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS), a one-dimensional questionnaire that assess the performance in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL and IADL)[ 10].
The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) is a non-disease-specific questionnaire to measure the level of autonomy in the basic and instrumental ADLs.
The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) is an easy-to-administer, comprehensive, reliable, hierarchical, and valid measure for assessing disability in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and mobility in aged populations.
Disability in basic ADL was determined with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale, which assesses an individual's competence in the following nine basic activities: walk inside, get up out of bed, get into and out of a chair, visit the toilet, wash hands and face, wash body, dress and undress, eat and drink and make breakfast [ 17, 18].
Disability was assessed on the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS), which is a combination of nine items relating to activities of daily living (ADLs) and nine items relating to instrumental ADLs: scores range from 18 (totally independent) to 72 points (totally dependent) [ 16].
IADL-disability (Instrumental activities of daily living) was measured using a seven-item subscale from the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) [ 25, 26].
Only for patients who are admitted from their own homes or assisted living facilities, functional outcome is measured by the Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) score and the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale, and mid-thigh pain a non-inferiority design is used.
ADL = activities of daily life; GARS = Groningen Activity Restriction Scale; VFQ = Visual Functioning Questionnaire; EQ5D = EuroQol 5 Dimensions; HADS-A = anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-D = depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; FAI = Frenchay Activities Index; FES-I = falls efficacy scale international.
GARS, Groningen Activity Restriction Scale.
Disability was assessed using the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale.
