We therefore propose that ocellated antbirds experience a loss of respiratory volume during the production of high pitched notes that ultimately results in a constraint between the total duration and the frequency of the vocalization.
A non-invasive respiratory volume monitor (RVM) that provides continuous measurement of minute ventilation (MV), tidal volume (TV) and respiratory rate (RR) was used to quantify the effects of midazolam on respiratory status in spontaneously breathing patients.
In oscines, the tradeoff between element bandwidth and repetition rate could be explained by individual differences in respiration performance; specifically, the production of trills leads to a net loss of respiratory volume [40].
Birds exhale during song production and inhale during brief periods between syllables to prevent the depletion of their air supply; however, a net loss of respiratory volume occurs during the production of fast notes [40].
They may have reduced or increased minute volume as well as a reduced or increased respiratory volume.
Filling the entire ribcage with a zero-density respiratory structure (electronic supplementary material, figure S7), which is obviously highly implausible, only produces a 212% increase in respiratory volume.
Bronchial hyperreactivity was defined as a fall in forced respiratory volume in one second (FEV1) by at least 15% in histamine testing or exercise provocation using standard protocols [ 12].
To remove physiological noise, a model was constructed to account for artifacts related to cardiac and respiratory phase and changes in respiratory volume using an in-house developed Matlab toolbox (Hutton et al. 2011).
