A relatively large depth-of-field is called deep; a relatively small depth-of-field is called shallow.
Due to the relatively small depth, the resulting subsidence basin is a supercritical one.
Although the surface charge of the glass and PDMS surfaces likely differ by some amount, the electrical potential is assumed to vary minimally across the relatively small depth of the microchannel.
The combination of an implantation temperature not lower than 400 °C and a relatively high implantation voltage is helpful for increasing the penetration depth, thus resulting in a relatively small scratch depth.
Thus, the scratching direction plays an important role, which can result in a relatively small machined depth obtained in the V 3 scratching direction.
This isotope does not emit gamma rays, and its radiation has a relatively small penetration depth in matter and a relatively long half-life.
The fiber orientation at the lower-left portion of Fig. 3(a) was still visible because of the relatively smaller depth at this position from the sample surface.
The highest shoot densities were found at the shallow stand (430 shoots m−2, on the average, with a peak of 1000 shoots m−2 in a relatively small area, at 1 m depth) and the lowest at the deep stand (average density <300 shoots m−2 below 15 m depth).
Figure 3 shows that these changes have a relatively small effect on the predicted depth and thickness of the lesions and that, importantly, the trends across the plots for deeper and thicker lesions are maintained and robust against uncertainties in background optical properties.
