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A related quantity to the BTF is the familiar BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function).
Specific gravity is a related quantity that is defined as the ratio of the density of the analyte to the density of water at a specified temperature.
Three experimental approaches, including the well-known Hyper-CEST method, are shown to effectively entail a simple linear dependence of the signal depletion rate, or of a related quantity, on free xenon concentration.
So, in order to estimate the injector needle position, it is important to measure a related quantity.
While designing coupling optics, a key consideration is the so-called Lagrangian invariant, or more precisely a related quantity called étendue.
In other words, the a priori structure of sensors and actuators could incorporate much of the evolutionary "experience" of relevant perturbations, and an agent's life-time adaptation would then just fine-tune the balance by maximizing e.g. empowerment or a related quantity.
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A useful related quantity to be calculated is the absorbance for normal incidence Ao, averaged in the visible again from λmin = 400 nm to λmax = 750 nm as follows {A}_o=frac{underset{lambda_{mathrm{min}}}{overset{lambda_{mathrm{max}}}{int }}left[1-Rleft(lambda, 0right)right]kern0.5em dlambda}{lambda_{mathrm{max}}-{lambda}_{mathrm{min}}}, (2).
The results of the flow field, the residence time characteristics and all related quantities are compared with both the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and experimental data reported in Doost et al. (2016).
From the above theorem we can see that, to design the robust controller, we should first find solutions for (3.15) and (3.16) and then obtain small τ from condition (3.6) after calculating all related quantities.
This two-part volume advocates advanced methods for SHA that utilize up to date earthquake science and basic scientific principles to derive the seismic hazard in terms of a ground motion or related quantity and its occurrence frequency at a site, as well as the associated uncertainty.
It is important to note that the use of Im[χ(3)] is not favored by the biomedical optics convention that gives preference to a linearly-related quantity of a two-photon action cross-section, η Z n O σ Z n O (2 p h ) defined as a product of the quantum efficiency, η Z n O (a ratio of emitted to absorbed photon energies) and the two-photon absorption cross-section, σ Z n O (2 p h ).
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