Reporter 3xGRAS-luc (GRAS: GnRH Receptor Activating Sequence) is a synthetic reporter, containing three repeats of a composite regulating element (overlapping AP1, Smad3 and Foxl2 binding sites) which is found in the murine promoter of the GnRH Receptor (GnRHR) and seems to contribute to the regulation of its expression in pituitary gonadotrope cells [29].
It was found that KLF4 siRNA significantly increased the promoter activity of MMP2, implicating that the potential KLF4-binding sites was a negative regulating element in the MMP2 promoter.
Centrosomes are the key regulating element of cell cycle progression.
For instance, previous results obtained for another salmonid, the lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis, showed that expression QTL were located within a hotspot of recombination where a putative trans-regulating element was identified (Zinc finger protein 35; reviewed in Bernatchez et al. 2010).
Neither of these genes might actually be a target of hsa-miR-641; there may also exist stronger regulating elements that control their expression, or the primary mode of silencing in that specific situation may be through translational repression.
Except for CAF40 and CAF130 all other proteins were initially identified by genetic selection for transcriptionally regulating elements [10], which suggests that the complex plays a global regulatory role in gene expression.
Indeed, the AhR is involved in cell cycle regulation (through interaction with c- myc, p53 Rb and other cycle regulating elements), in induction of phase II metabolizing enzymes, in antioxidant response, and in induction of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic genes (reviewed in [ 52]).
The potential of microRNA regulation on lncRNAs can be further realized by better understanding of intragenic lncRNA regulating elements.
However, during development of the lungs, expression of Tbx3 in the lung mesenchyme has been found to require additional regulating elements (Horsthuis et al., 2009).
These strategies, which rely on the use of regulating elements, include management of part whole relationships, design hierarchy, topology geometry relationships, scaffolding the design process, structuring ill-structured problems, and the restructuring of problem parameters.
