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To address these problems, direct model reference adaptive control (DMRAC) is extended by incorporating mechanisms to handle rate and saturation constraints, allowing a range in the value of a regulated variable instead of fixed setpoint tracking, and a design method that directly considers time delay uncertainty.
Because blood pressure is a regulated variable, a normal blood pressure does not necessarily reflect hemodynamic stability [ 11].
The logic is obvious when one considers that since blood pressure is a regulated variable, a normal blood pressure does not necessarily reflect hemodynamic stability or perturbation [ 4].
Basic physiology tells us that SvO2 is not a regulated variable but an adaptive variable depending on four elementary regulated components: VO2 needs, SaO2, Hb and CO.
CO is probably the main parameter used in most studies, but CO is a regulated variable and it is necessarily arbitrary to predetermine a CO threshold value.
Arterial pressure, however, is a regulated variable that is maintained during, e.g. haemorrhage until blood loss exceeds about one litre (Secher et al. 1992; Kinsella and Tuckey 2001; Harms et al. 2003; Campagna and Carter 2003; Cooke et al. 2004).
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Since the firing rates of neurons are a homeostatically regulated variable that is regulated to achieve a balance between synaptic stability and flexibility (Marder and Goaillard, 2006; Turrigiano et al., 1998; Turrigiano, 2011), a key neural variable may be the optimal level of excitability of neurons in prediction areas of the brain.
The above data are consistent with the evolving hypothesis that arterial shear stress is a homeostatically regulated variable (Vita et al. 2008).
The ultimate regulated variable is a decision or action (also see Kurth-Nelson and Redish, 2009).
gene transcriptional regulation, protein phosphorylation and complex formation are represented as directed edges from the regulating variable to the regulated variable.
A more precise statement would be that the regulated variable in the thermoregulation system is an integrative, spatially distributed temperature signal, which incorporates deep (core) body temperatures (those of the brain and viscera) and shell (peripheral) temperatures (those of the skin and subcutaneous tissues) (Werner 1979, 2010, Romanovsky 2007b).
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