Re-entrant arrhythmias require unidirectional conduction, conduction block, and a region of slow conduction such that the cycle length of the arrhythmia is longer than the longest refractory period in the circuit [37].
Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have linked both Nkx2- 5 and Meis1 to abnormalities in the PR interval, a region of the electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects atrial and atrioventricular nodal conduction (Pfeufer et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2011).
The kinetic-theory explanation of heat conduction is similar to that for viscosity, but in this case the molecules carry net energy from a region of higher energy (i.e., temperature) to one of lower energy (temperature).
In the dog model of ventricular tachypacing induced congestive heart failure, atrial fibrosis causes localized regions of conduction slowing, increasing conduction heterogeneity and providing an AF substrate [ 18].
Alterations in this gradient can lead to disrupted patterns of depolarization and repolarization, which may in turn lead to the development of regions of conduction block which can facilitate arrhythmogenesis through re-entrant mechanisms (Killeen & Sabir 2007).
Therefore, the PVs do not fully recover at the time the wave returns to the region of initial conduction block, and re-entry fails.
59– 64 An example of the type of insight that these simulation studies can provide is given by Deco et al. 62 This study used CoCoMac not only to model coupling strength between brain regions, but also to provide an estimate of conduction delay.
Early studies in motor nerve conduction parameters demonstrated a slowing of conduction velocities.
Although the term "block" suggests an abrupt interruption of conduction, there is a spectrum of conduction abnormalities varying from a proximal barrier to a more diffuse slowing of conduction.
Zhang and Smyth reported protonic conductivity of Ba2In2O4(OH)2 under humid air, where three regions of protonic conduction were observed corresponding broadly to temperatures below 400 °C, between 400 and 925 °C, and above 925 °C.
