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When the C-fiber conduction is selectively blocked in the vagus nerves, the same smoke inhalation triggered only augmented breaths, a reflex effect of activating RARs, in the same animals.
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The summed value was then divided by the time interval of integration to measure an overall reflex effect.
As illustrated by the work of Bidder,1 Mosso,2 and Miller and Sherrington,3 much of the pioneering research on swallowing dealt with its properties as a brainstem reflex effecting bolus transport through the upper alimentary tract, along with protection of the airway and the middle ear.
The reflex effect on HR is supposed to be small or absent, and this fact led some authors to speculate that metaboreflex has little or no effect on CO.
Second, comparison across muscles within a stimulation condition show that the reflex effects are differentially specified to muscle.
There are reflex effects as well, such as a local reflex withdrawal from a sudden noxious stimulation of the skin.
It is possible that comparatively large particles depositing in the upper airways have an effect, perhaps by a reflex, producing secondary effects deeper in the lung.
The sipes (grid like horizontal cuts along rubber sole) enhanced flexibility, while the seamless upper and stretchy inner-sleeve provided a sock-like snug fit, both of which were useful in evaluating plantar cutaneous reflex effects during locomotion.
For evaluation of reflex effects the subtracted data traces were analyzed in all instances.
This process reveals strong reflex effects but can obscure phase-modulation and other subtleties.
We thus evaluated the topographic organisation and neuromechanical reflex effects from cutaneous afferents innervating the foot sole.
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