The term America came into use as a referent to the continents of the Western Hemisphere as early as 1507, when the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller published a map naming them after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
Second, there was the problem of establishing a referent for such claims as "Adam was in Paradise" or "Adam is dead".
We hypothesized that women who are obese before they become pregnant and also have elevations of complement Bb and C3a in the top quartile in early pregnancy would have the highest risk of preeclampsia compared with a referent group of women who were not obese and had levels of complement less than the top quartile.
Nordström and colleagues (63) reported a sex ratio of 0.92 in switchyard workers (400 kV) and a sex ratio of 1.16 in a referent group of workers.
As a first step, before performing any partitions of the observations, a referent group of days is selected from all study days and held aside; this referent group is not used in tree construction.
The results demonstrate that this population has a significantly lower quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) of the calcaneus compared with a referent population of age-matched control subjects without mental disabilities.
We studied a case group of 80 adults exposed to toxic oil 18 years ago and a referent group of 79 adult age- and sex-frequency-matched unexposed subjects.
The shoebox was selected as a referent because of its common usage in many cognitive tasks, in particular semantic categorization tasks (e.g., Dobbins, Schnyer, Verfaellie, & Schacter, 2004; Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007; Uncapher, Otten, & Rugg, 2006).
As the artist herself states, "I don't become someone nor do my pictures have a referent outside of myself".
According to the case-referent study conducted by Newton et al in Uganda, with a referent group of cancers not related to an infectious etiology, being HIV-infected was only associated with a slight risk of HCC (OR 1.2 95%% CI 0.3 4.2)) [23].
