Sentence examples for a reference class from inspiring English sources

If this seems at all convincing, then the residual question is: How do we build a reference class database?

A well-known objection to any version of frequentism is that relative frequencies must be relativised to a reference class.

All empirical claims are, according to Reichenbach, probabilistic judgments based on relative frequencies in a reference class, or reached by induction.

Recently, Hájek (2007) has argued that no adequate conception of probability is immune to a reference class problem, so that this requirement cannot be met.

Boorse (1977 , 1997 insists that the notion of normality in biomedical concepts is statistical — how things usually are in a reference class, but this view faces the problem of specifying the reference classes in an informative way.

And as we have seen in the previous paragraph, the problem is only compounded for limiting relative frequencies: probabilities must be relativized not merely to a reference class, but to a sequence within the reference class.

(Indeed, the inability of frequentists to single out a unique reference class, the frequency in which is the chance, was taken to be a decisive objection to frequentism).

In a finite reference class, only finitely many events can occur, so only finitely many events can have positive relative frequency.

As recommended by the International Patient Decision Aids Standards, 23 icon arrays are formatted consistently and share a common reference class: 1000 women screened for 20 years.

Two summary statistics of these time series, the frequency propagator ratio g(x) and the loss propagator ratio h(x), are defined in Equations 2 and 3 for classes of mutations under selection compared to a neutral reference class.

For the unpolarized MK data, the estimate of the proportion of amino acid substitutions fixed by positive selection is calculated using synonymous mutations as a neutral reference class, following Fay et al. (2002) and excluding singletons.