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But in neither of these examples is this application of physics to biology examined in detail, and in neither case does the biology have a reciprocal impact on the physics, as will be the case for level 3 tasks.
We demonstrated variation in, and a reciprocal impact on, the fitness of both host and pathogen phenotype and genotype, an outcome dependent on the combinations of genotypes involved, and evidence of change over time.
Moreover, studies focusing on a reciprocal impact of native species on invasive species are still the exception rather than the rule (Leger and Espeland 2010; Carvallo et al. 2013).
This being the case, it is important to note that with current tools it is impossible to exclude a reciprocal impact on GTPase activity following the inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity.
Through demonstration of variation in, and a reciprocal impact on, the fitness of both host and parasite phenotype and genotype, combined with evidence of change over time, most apparent within those parasites co-selected with resistant snail genotypes, the current study provides an important stepping stone in demonstrating the potential for host-schistosome counter-adaptation and coevolution.
If host and parasite genotype have a reciprocal impact upon each other, we may predict that these neutral molecular markers would reveal patterns of population differentiation inparasitesand/or their co-selected hosts over generation, consistent with that observed at the phenotype level.
Similar(53)
They had originated in observable facts of biology and physiology, and they could have a massive reciprocal impact — especially if he believed that they could.
Thus, just as CKD is a risk factor for CAD, CAD is a risk factor for CKD, emphasizing that CAD and CKD are closely associated diseases with a reciprocal adverse impact.
A further quality unique to the current study was that the reciprocal impact of host and parasite was investigated from both a phenotypic and genotypic perspective.
In an emerging trend in designing conflict management systems, focus is placed on the relational dynamics among those involved in the conflict, in recognition of the reciprocal impact that each participant in a conflict has on the other.
We also discuss the reciprocal impact of computer science on biology and cite a few significant contributions to biological science.
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