These consist of 3 populations in peninsular Florida, 1 in northern Georgia, and 1 most recently established population in southern New Jersey (9, 20 ).
House finches were studied in 1995 2006 in the recently established population at the northernmost part of species' range in northwestern Montana, where this species started breeding in the late 1970s, and in 2002 2007 in the southern part of their native range in southwestern Arizona, 2700 km to the south, where finches bred for at least 10,000 years.
However, in the recently established populations containing the stonewort ecotype, we found 11 and 10 significant edges for Lake Krankesjön and Tåkern, respectively (Fig. 6).
DNA from PME was detected in ticks from the traditional southeastern range of A. americanum as well as from recently established populations in the northeastern USA.
The high genetic diversity in recently established populations of the eastern cardinalis contradicts the leading edge model and begs explanation.
Widely used Bayesian methods to infer cryptic population structure [ 38- 40] may not, however, detect population substructure of recently established populations with low differentiation.
It also recently established populations in the Mediterranean zone, in Israel, which is raising concerns about its potential distribution range outside the tropics (Vonshak et al. 2009b).
Although chloroplast markers have been effectively used in studying plant distributions, low effective population size in chloroplast DNA and reduced genetic diversity as compared with nuclear DNA makes these markers less suitable for studying recently established populations.
Performance of Bayesian clustering methods decreased for FST < 0.02 [ 52], and we propose that even the novel algorithm used in STRUCTURE [ 39] may not detect recently established populations with very low differentiation (FST < 0.01).
Together, these findings support the hypothesis that transmission cycles of a B. burgdorferi ST from the northeastern United States are developing in a recently established I. scapularis population at this site.
Overall, our study provides insights into spatio-temporal dynamics in a hybridizing Daphnia species complex in a recently established lake system, and relates genetic similarities of populations to a scenario of secondary invasion enhanced by environmental factors.
