The coastal environment is home to a range of landforms and landscapes that include those at either end of the sensitivity scale.
We argue herein that whilst a range of landforms and sediments that are attributable to jökulhlaups can be observed along the Jökulsá á Fjöllum, these are not necessarily diagnostic of jökulhlaups.
During sediment reworking, source-to-sink transport is interrupted by storage in a range of paraglacial landforms such as talus, debris cones, alluvial fans, valley fills, deltas, and coastal barrier deposits.
Here we present the results of a methodological study designed to examine the consistency of TCN-based deglaciation ages from a range of deglaciation landforms at a site in northern Norway.
Oil sands mines have large disturbance footprints and contain a range of new landforms constructed from mine waste such as shale overburden and the byproducts of bitumen extraction such as sand and fluid fine tailings.
Reworking of such sediments may be conceptualized as a sediment cascade, in which source-to-sink transport is interrupted by sediment storage in a range of paraglacial landforms such as talus accumulations, debris cones, alluvial fans, valley fills, deltas, and coastal barrier deposits.
Currently, six nuclides (3He, 10Be, 14C, 21Ne, 26Al, and 36Cl) are routinely measured in minerals or whole rock samples to determine the exposure age of a wide range of landforms, many of which could not otherwise be dated directly.
In addition, the active coupling of cold-based ice with ice-marginal permafrost means such ice masses are capable of deforming sediments and occasionally bedrock to depths of tens or even hundreds of meters and are commonly associated with the development of a range of distinctive ice-marginal landforms including push or thrust moraines and hummocky or controlled moraines.
The wide range of landform assemblages (landsystems) that characterizes these deglaciated landscapes provides a set of invaluable modern analogues or process-form models for use in paleoglaciological reconstruction.
There was no unique and homogeneous association between topography and vegetation; the specific landforms each displayed a range of ecosites, and the same ecosites were found in different landforms.
