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They also demonstrated up-regulation of a range of innate immune response genes including IL-8 CXCL2 IL1A, but whose fold changes were far smaller than those here.
Unsurprisingly, a range of innate immunity pathways are statistically over-represented in this dataset, including TLR, RIG-I, NLR and other pathways (Additional file 2).
As an alternative, whole detergent-inactivated influenza virus can be combined with ISCOMs, which can deliver enclosed antigen directly to DCs and activate a range of innate cells, generating a TH1 and CTL response [ 84].
In parallel with, and independent of, the TFF2-IL-33 axis, epithelial cells also produce TSLP when perturbed by infection, affecting a range of innate targets, most notably dendritic cells and basophils [ 20].
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It has been shown that the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), a central transcription factor for a wide range of innate immune factors including several cytokines, interacts with the promoter region of miR-146a [ 16].
In this report, we applied a comprehensive approach to evaluate the effects of a broad range of innate immune agonists on PBMCs isolated from healthy nonfrail adults (21 40 years) and old (65 93 years) subjects.
We used a global approach to study the early and late effects of a broad range of innate immune agonists on PBMCs isolated from adult and old individuals.
To examine these effects, we have examined a broad range of innate markers, in both the systemic and airway compartments, examined TLR signalling in response to the TLR4 agonist LPS, and related these changes to smoking status and airflow obstruction.
There is a wide range of innate immune sensors known as PRRs.
Most importantly, the skin also has a broad range of innate immunity components, including antimicrobial peptides and fatty acids (1, 2, 3).
These proteins provide information about a broad range of innate immune responses and serve to characterize the host response to different pathogens.
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