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In particular, Fig. 4 shows the atomistic structures of these fibrils a function of strain, when these fibrils were extended with a pulling speed of 0.005 Å/ps.
The elastic modulus of non-prion and prion fibrils is measured as ~13 and ~18 GPa, respectively, when these fibrils were extended with a pulling speed in a range of 0.001 to 0.05 Å/ps (Fig. 3).
Field-emission scanning electron microscope and optical microscope observations indicate that a pulling speed of 15 30 cm·min− 1, a mixed solvent of Vcyclohexane / Vbutanol = 3 7 and a bath water temperature of 50 60 °C were favorable for the formation of homogenous honeycomb pattern on TiO2 film.
A pulling speed of v = 0.01 Å/ps for both N-to-RGD and N-to-C pulling was used.
The steered MD force constant was 5000 kcal mol 1 Å–2 with a pulling speed of 0.02 Å/ps.
The force constant for the steered MD study was 5000 kcal mol 1 Å–2 with a pulling speed of 0.02 Å/ps.
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In particular, the ionic composite NFs could be realized by using deionized (DI) water (with a resistivity of ~18 MΩ · cm) at a low pulling speed of the pipette tip (Additional file 1: Figure S8).
We used a constant pulling speed to apply force to the system.
A lower pulling speed will decrease the force difference, mainly because the average NTD unzipping force decreases.
Specifically, the mean tether force (i.e., force step before rupture) was 62 ± 11 pN (n = 20 curves), which is close to values reported for A549 tethers at a similar pulling speed.
Fig. 6 Mechanical toughness of non-prion and prion fibrils as a function of pulling speed.
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