Presence of disease vectors at home (fleas, ticks, kissing bugs, mice, bedbugs and flies) was assessed as a proxy of hygiene conditions.
We used phytoplankton biomass as a proxy of the environmental conditions, as this driver was comparable across all ecosystem models, then applied a signal-to-noise ratio analysis to test the specificity of indicators with random environmental change.
Model 2 additionally adjusted for life course socio-economic position, a proxy of early living conditions (leg length) [19], [31] and lifestyle.
Ciaccia et al. [ 20] found an association between presence of anti-HAV antibodies in children up to 18 years of age and low maternal education in Southern Brazil, but it is possible that low maternal education was a proxy of low socioeconomic conditions in this study, as it was in Assis Brasil.
The condition factor of the fish was also measured, as a proxy of physiological status [ 29, 30].
Baecke et al. [ 45] and Engelhard et al. [ 46] did not include a separate variable for severe pre-eclampsia, but pre-eclampsia was divided into two groups, preterm pre-eclampsia and term pre-eclampsia which were used as a proxy of severity of the condition.
Alternatively, as a proxy of the internal macroeconomic conditions, we use an index called the "Accumulated Diffusion Index" (see Alfonso et al. 2013).
However, purified phenol oxidase increased its decay of L-DOPA, a proxy of phenolics in lab conditions, at a temperatture of 5 25°C [ 49].
Prelaying body condition, as measured by body mass (the best proxy of condition in our case, see Descamps et al. 2011b), was used to control for state at capture.
When a is fixed to 200 m over whole of Japan, the average of log(B obs. /B theo. ) is a proxy of the difference between the given condition of heterogeneities (a = 200 m) and the real one.
