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We used malaria indicators from children admitted for elective surgery to an adjacent pediatric orthopedic hospital (BCIH) as a proxy for indicators likely to prevail in the community surrounding both hospitals.
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Kumar and Rao (2015) and Bhumia and Sarkar (2011) uses retained earnings to total assets as a proxy for profitability indicator.
We also used the length of time with diabetes (as it is a chronic condition where the HRQL impacts worsen over time, and there is some evidence for differences in PROM scores using this category [ 10]); and diabetes treatment regime (as the treatment or advised method of control for Type 2 diabetes may also be a proxy for severity) as indicators to assess known group validity.
INN is used here as a proxy for six different innovation indicators, such as PAR, PAN, RDE, RRD, HTE, and STJ.
An important number of service provision indicators were correlated, therefore a reduced set of services performed well as a proxy for the full set of available indicators.
An important number of service provision indicators were correlated; therefore, a reduced set of services could perform well as a proxy for the full set of available indicators.
Citation frequency is thus not taken to be a proxy for quality but as an indicator of which texts are widely used in this emerging field of research.
The most appropriate indicator was a proxy for income deprivation sourced from the Scottish Government's Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2012.
We reviewed data on the reporting of selected health service coverage indicators as a proxy for improved health reporting, and documented implementation challenges and lessons learned during the DHIS2 roll-out process.
Despite limitations of studies using other indicators as a proxy for ethnicity such as name identification (Cummins et al, 1999; Nanchahal et al, 2001) and area-based methods, these English data are compatible with our findings showing lower breast cancer screening in South Asian and African women.
This could reflect the limitations of this indicator as a proxy for having a valid licence.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com