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We conclude that that the amount of dust sampled can be used as a proxy for hygiene and that beta 1-->3 -glucan concentrations per square meter are related to the amount of dust sampled.
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Although procurement is only a proxy for hand hygiene compliance, nevertheless it is an objective measure collected in a comparable manner through NHS procurement across almost all trusts.
From a community-based case-control study in the Netherlands, risk-factor analysis for NV, based on information collected throughout a 1-year cohort study, suggested an association between NV and a complex score that was used as a proxy for food-handling hygiene.
In this study, GDP per capita was selected as a proxy variable for hygiene behavior or public health condition of a region.
Presence of disease vectors at home (fleas, ticks, kissing bugs, mice, bedbugs and flies) was assessed as a proxy of hygiene conditions.
In this study, caries in toddlers was associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, which might be considered a proxy for unhealthy dietary and oral hygiene habits [ 9, 11].
Previous studies used social mixing as a proxy for infections to test the hygiene hypothesis and have observed lower risk of T1D in high social mixing environments [ 5, 6].
Maternal smoking during pregnancy appears to be a proxy for the mother's unhealthy diet and poor oral hygiene practices [ 9- 11].
Like social mixing, attending daycare can be used as a proxy for measuring asymptomatic or minor infections to test the hygiene hypothesis.
Signing a proxy for an annual meeting.
Unemployment claims are a proxy for layoffs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com