For the trials we used only adult male rainbowfish of about the same length (a proxy for age), since gender and age can affect expression responses [ 35].
Household decision-making was used as a proxy measure for gender equity in family relations.
Demographic variables, including education (as a proxy for socioeconomic status), age and gender, as well as data pertaining to PCS variables collected at all waves were used to generate the imputed datasets.
Given the distribution of working hours across gender in the Netherlands, i.e. male employees mostly working full-time and female employees mostly working part-time, one could interpret gender as a proxy for part-time/full-time employment, however.
However, as stated above, we believe the reasons for the non-replications and lack of consensus in the literature is rooted in a broader methodological error: the use of child gender as a proxy for other variables, such as socialization history.
Causality is far from proven, however, and some critics say that gender inequality could be a proxy for other underlying causes.
Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and inclusion period (a proxy for the differences over time in applied treatment strategies), similar to previous reports [ 2, 3, 19].
Age, gender and inclusion period (a proxy for treatment strategy) were entered into the model to correct for possible confounding effects.
Lastly, we carry out a series of heterogeneity analyses, to examine if the SSS's effects vary by net assets, subjective financial preparedness for retirement, flat-type (a proxy for wealth and the determinant of payout quantum), and gender.
