It is now well established that the gut microbiota is engaged in a dynamic interaction with the host, exerting essential protective, functional, and metabolic functions [ 3].
It has been hypothesized that predatory threats are a critical factor in the protective functional design of biological exoskeletons or "natural armor", having arisen through evolutionary processes.
Moreover an N-terminal region of the protein was found to induce protective functional antibodies.
Here, we review the most recent advances in our understanding of protective functional antibody responses in natural infection, vaccination, and monoclonal antibody therapeutics.
These results indicate that the VLP vaccines can induce protective functional antibodies to variant 2009 H1N1 isolates at high levels and to an antigenically distant strain at significantly lower levels.
For these types of infection, prior immunity caused by exposure to, or vaccination against, predecessor strains may not confer protective functional activity against newly emerged strains of the same pathogen [ 2, 4, 5].
Apple, blueberry and cranberry juice together with water-extracts of ginger and selected amino acids, vitamins and minerals were used for formulation of a cardio-protective functional beverage.
Furthermore, good mental health is considered as a protective factor for functional decline [ 34].
Additionally, physical activity has been suggested to offer a protective effect against functional limitations [ 19], a precursor to disability.
Airway epithelial cells, which form a continuous lining of the airways, have a unique role as a protective physical and functional barrier to deleterious external agents.
