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The samples of choice for association studies are usually blood and saliva, however, relatively little is known about how DAE compares in multiple human tissues and it is questionable whether studying DAE in blood would be a proper surrogate for what happens in the disease target tissue.
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(530) As the criteria for selection of a proper bilayer surrogate, early studies used the uptake of chemicals into cells and transport through biological sheets, which were affected by protein binding and other factors.
Socioeconomic status has been mentioned as a risk factor for ESRD [ 40]; however, there was no proper surrogate marker to represent socioeconomic status in the database.
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