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Chondrocytes are highly glycolytic resident cells of articular cartilage that metabolize glucose as a primary substrate for ATP production [ 17].
The posterior superior temporal lobe has been implicated as a primary substrate for constructing sound-based representations of speech [21].
PDHA1 is a critical component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, a primary substrate for TCA cycle, and serves as a critical link between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
Oleic acid serves as a primary substrate for fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) [ 66], and previous work in our laboratories proposed that FABP3 provides stearic acid, and other substrates, to SCD, which then provides oleic acid for FABP4 [ 51].
Our dietary manipulation may have promoted a more efficient mobilization of maternal body fat, reflected by the raised maternal HDL which would allow a constant supply of glucose to the growing fetuses [ 40], for which glucose is a primary substrate for myogenesis [ 41].
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Most transporters have a single primary substrate (for example, 'probable phosphate transporter').
The implementation of the aerobic co-metabolic process has been successfully demonstrated for TCE removal under field conditions (McCarty et al. 1998); however, the requirement for a primary substrate (e.g., toluene) remains problematic.
Aerobic co-metabolism can act on all chloroethenes (Ryoo et al. 2001; Shim et al. 2001); however, the need for a primary substrate such as methane or toluene, and the fact that the degradation of the target compounds can only be indirectly controlled are major drawbacks of this approach.
Class I and II HDACs form complexes with multiple cofactors for activation where histones are a primary substrate [ 20] and have been targets for cancer therapies, including PrC [ 21].
The biggest obstacle preventing this in industrial production is that cephalosporin acylase uses glutaryl-7ACA as a primary substrate and has low substrate specificity for CPC.
Since 4EBP1 is a direct target of mTORC1 we hope that this addresses the reviewer's request for data on a primary substrate.
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