The placement of the two bottles was varied after each measurement to avoid a place preference effect.
Females heterozygous for the bkbwg region show strong preference for Protocalliphora hosts with only minimal signs of reduced vigor, suggesting that a host preference effect is present in the region independent of any hybrid viability effects.
It is, however, acknowledged that distinguishing genuine decaffeinated coffee effects from a 'decaffeinated coffee preference' effect may be difficult.
Here, we backcross the region around ws1 g from N. giraulti into N. vitripennis using newly available visible markers, and map a major host preference effect in the region.
Whether preferences will materially affect the overall outcome of any one trial will depend on the proportion of participants with a preference, the effect of the preference itself, and the effect size of the intervention.
If, for example, a treatment had an effect size of 0.25 among indifferent participants, then our results suggest that for those with a preference the effect would be about 0.41 (that is, a 64% increase in effect size).
And this reduced race preference effect was not fleeting; it endured for at least 24 hours.
In Roberts's view, the writer or artist of this period works as a jeweler, carefully setting compositional units in a geometric framework, consistently demonstrating a preference for effects of patterning over realistic representation, and for a unity situated at a higher level than the literal, historical sequence of the narrative.
This issue requires examination in a feasibility study, as the preference effects for exercise versus control in this patient population are unknown.
In each group, the target-distractors (S1/S2) were reversed for half the bees to control for potential preference effects [19].
