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CD3 immunostaining revealed areas invaded by lymphocytes in lungs from wt and Hoxa5−/− mice, suggesting that inflammation is not a predominant causal factor for goblet cell metaplasia in Hoxa5−/− specimens (supplementary material Fig. S1A C).
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Underlying cirrhosis from viral hepatitis (B and C), alcoholism, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and toxin exposure are the predominant causal factors.
The lipoprotein(a) pathway is a causal factor in coronary heart disease.
Previously, the company had contended, for example, that smoking was a "risk factor" or a "causal factor" in diseases like lung cancer, not that it caused the diseases.
If race is a contributing factor but not a causal factor, is the issue whether race is a causal factor among many, or whether it is a causal factor at all?
These data strongly suggest that a low PON1-activity is not a causal factor in atherogenesis.
A prime causal factor: institutional sexism.
"Nursing Shortage Is Raising Worries on Patients' Care" (front page, April 8) doesn't mention a key causal factor in this crisis.
Or is Dr. Quijano having trouble admitting that he does see race as a contributing causal factor?
Kamphuis, J., Meerlo, P., Koolhaas, J. M. & Lancel, M. Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence.
The evidence in their work suggests strongly that inequality is a major causal factor contributing to these costly outcomes.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com