He said case-by-case rigorous assessment was needed and that any precautionary action had to be proportional to the evidence of harm.
However, interpretations of AM as a purely precautionary action along with multiple definitions have hampered the development of precise policy frameworks.
"We cannot accept that there could be a risk of injury while playing and as an immediate and precautionary action we have decided to recall all Patrull safety gates".
Asked when officials knew of risks, he said: "There is no specific date... Evidence emerged over time and as soon as we knew there was a risk we took precautionary action.
Existing uncertainties should not be used as an excuse for rejecting precautionary action.
'Gefahrenabwehr' is a legal concept related to precautionary action.
Being young adults (i.e. aged 18 to 29) increased the adoption of precautionary action by a factor 8. Many respondents stated that they had taken precautions: 87% did so after the interviewer had detailed possible precautions one by one.
Had precautionary action at a level of proof less than "beyond reasonable doubt" been acceptable to and applied by policy members of that era, many years of PCB use would have been avoided.
In Carson we saw a counter-example: her composing process suggested that uncertainty is a crucial site for public participation and precautionary action.
