The Reagan administration chose to deal with this horrific situation through a policy of "constructive engagement," which effectively turned a blind eye to the atrocities of apartheid, and rejected any calls for economic sanctions on South Africa as an instrument of diplomacy.
Lebanese authorities were refusing him entry at the border, in keeping with an undeclared but widely documented new policy of effectively denying refuge to any additional Palestinians from Syria.
In the UK, a barrister told the Guardian that Apple's "reckless" policy of effectively killing people's iPhones following the software upgrade could potentially be viewed as an offence under the Criminal Damage Act 1971.
The other immigration system, which existed in practice, was effectively a policy of Don't Ask, Don't Tell.
Under Stanley Baldwin's effective leadership, a policy of cheap credit and loose planning rules effectively covered British suburbia with semi-detached private homes that were well within the reach of the lower middle class and some workers.
Indeed, if opinion polls are anything to go by then Labour's decision to use the Commons vote to squash the prospect of military intervention was wildly popular, as is the coalition's policy of effectively pulling up the drawbridge on fortress Britain to all but a handful of Syrian asylum seekers.
With the interest rate cut, the central bank effectively reintroduces a policy of a zero interest rate for the first time since July 2006.
With the interest rate cut, a bid to bolster lending in the moribund Japanese economy, the central bank effectively reintroduces a policy of a zero interest rate for the first time since July 2006.
To support their case, they presented a series of computer simulations, which appeared to show that a policy of targeting inflation stabilized the economy more effectively than one that targeted bubbles.
If as a result of the acquisition of information the net benefits of delaying the implementation of a policy are effectively larger than those of implementing it now, then the value of that information equals the difference in net benefits between the two timings.
