A peripheral effect on trigeminal vascular nerves was indicated by the blocking effect of sumatriptan of neurogenically mediated plasma extravasation [8].
Intrathecal sumatriptan inhibited both + aThe authors considered that this was a peripheral effect on the trigeminal nerve [34], see text bThe authors concluded: "The simplest reasonable conclusion is that sumatriptan inhibited trigeminal afferent by a direct neuronal mechanism at the peripheral terminal".[22].[22]
It is not known at present how Tbx6 affects the nodal cilia but it is interesting to note that a peripheral effect on asymmetric gene expression at the node in chick embryos was postulated when it was demonstrated that the induction of asymmetric Nodal expression requires secondary signals produced in the PSM [67].
As an equivocal ameliorative peripheral effect on joint inflammation was suggested by our findings, the current results do not exclude a peripheral effect of glucuronidated curcuminoids, which were high, but as has been shown in mice [ 21], not likely to penetrate the blood brain barrier.
Taken together, it appears that peripheral Oxt reduces fat mass by multiple mechanisms, including central anorectic action, centrally-mediated activation of sympathetic nerve innervating fat tissue, and its direct peripheral effect on adipocytes, although the action mechanism of peripheral Oxt remain to be further studied.
Leptin also exerts peripheral effects on BAT since peripheral, but not central, administration of leptin in rats increases the insulin-stimulated utilization of glucose in BAT.
This altered inflammatory profile can have peripheral effects on the liver [ 78], and during pregnancy, can result in enhanced placental and fetal inflammation [ 79].
In summary, we have elucidated the significance of the functions of dSir2 in the fatbody in mediating central and peripheral effects on metabolic homeostasis and insulin signaling.
The COMT-inhibitor tolcapone has both central and peripheral effects on the dopaminergic metabolism in contrast to the COMT-inhibitor entacapone, which only acts peripherally.
A facilitation of CB1 signaling at this site may well explain the antinociceptive effects and may be contributed by peripheral effects on CB1 receptors of nociceptors (Agarwal et al, 2007).
It has peripheral effects on skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and other cell types where it acts to decrease anabolic pathways (such as glucose, lipid, and protein synthesis) and increase catabolic pathways (glucose and lipid utilization).
