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Equally intriguing to consider are the prospects that sterol biosynthesis and kinetic control of it evolved by a patchwork assembly with the individual members having undergone a duplication event followed by divergent evolution to give rise to the unique specificities.
In our previous study with M. vanbaalenii PYR-1, a fundamental building principle of the PAH-MN, a patchwork assembly of the phylogenetic modules, with a backward evolutionary direction from CAP via SCP to RCP, has been hypothesized on the basis of the functional association of the phylogenetic modules [ 9].
Hence, all the successful evolutionary trajectories were able to satisfy the functionally reversed growth of the PAH-MN: a patchwork assembly with a growth direction from CAP to RCP via SCP, essential to minimize the toxic effects of the activated PAH intermediates, which are produced in the RCP [ 9].
For example, for the four ring-structure pyrene to be completely degraded in the PAH-MN, the genomic HGT evidence in this study and the previously proposed evolution hypothesis of the metabolic network suggest that at least 5 different HGT events are required, which should successfully provide the building blocks for a patchwork assembly to cover the entire 27 metabolic steps [ 6, 7].
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Moreover, Khoury's structure is a patchwork, an assembly of fragments that intersect and repeat or simply disappear.
But its patchwork assembly is mitigated by the thematic coherence of Mr. Sondheim's work.
Even though it is possible that different processes might have been responsible for the build up of metabolic routes, a large body of data concerning both sequence comparison and experimental data on enzymes substrate specificity strongly supports one of them, that is the patchwork assembly theory [ 2].
Together with the pan-genomic evidence, it strongly demonstrates that most PAH-degrading strains share the same genetic sources and pathway evolution by patchwork assembly (assembly of existing pathways in new combinations), which has been systematically evaluated as highly successful [ 9].
What Graeber wants is a kind of decentralized socialism, with decisions made by a patchwork of local assemblies and coöperatives — at one point, he imagines "something vaguely like jury duty, except non-compulsory".
Indeed, this genome is a patchwork of six independently derived strains with the assembly of six major chromosome arms representing only 101.3 Mb of the 137.8 Mb expected.
In 1747, such an assembly in Kandahar selected Ahmad Shah Durrani as the first king of Afghanistan, uniting a patchwork of contentious tribal entities into the modern Afghan state.
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