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The precipitation level of a past climate might be inferred from an observation of the depth of lime-containing horizons in a paleosol.
For example, a soil profile with two well-defined zones of lime accumulation, one shallow and one deep, may signal the existence of a past climate whose greater precipitation drove the lime layer deeper than the present climate is able to do.
This is not only limited to the ECS estimate based on historical observations but also is closely related to the ECS estimate based on a volcanic event (Merlis et al. 2014) or a past climate (Yoshimori et al. 2009).
The validity of using the present perturbation in future DS projections was investigated by applying Pseudo-Clim-DS to a past climate in Kawase et al. (2008) and to an assumed true climate (ATC), i.e., the so-called perfect model experiment, in Yoshikane et al. (2012).
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Recent comparisons of natural and anthropogenic influences on regional climate (Stott et al. 2004) have demonstrated that human activity increased the probability of a specific past climate event, with severe health consequences (> 44,000 deaths in the European heat wave of summer 2003) (Kosatsky 2005).
The lead character, played by Dennis Quaid, is a paleoclimatologist, an investigator of past climate shifts, for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
But by late last year, in the final emails, he is mired in allegations of fraud, and the Yamal data had become a virus infecting past climate reconstructions.
For example, Jackson, who grew up near the museum, says he regularly uses the museum's Neotoma Paleoecology Database, a catalog of past climate data that helps validate current climate models.
The foraminifera are an important group, used frequently for paleoceanographic studies, and as a proxy for past climate change.
To reproduce Middle Earth's climate, Dr Dan Lunt, an expert on past climate change, traced one of Tolkein's famously detailed maps, and then effectively "scanned" that into the university's supercomputer.
However, range shifts have been a predominant response to past climate change, with each species tracking its preferred climatic conditions (Hannah 2010).
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