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The availability of FMD vaccine banks enables rapid production of vaccines based on strains identified in a particular outbreak.
It is important to have diagnostic tools readily available that can determine which adenovirus is causing a particular outbreak.
Specifically, we used the following general formula: <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013044.e004.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> where X is a particular outbreak occurring after IDSR started in 2003, and Y is a particular outbreak before IDSR started.
While the social network sensor strategy has been illustrated with a particular outbreak (flu) in a particular population (college students), it could potentially be generalized to other phenomena that spread in networks, whether biological (antibiotic-resistant germs), psychological (depression) [29], normative (altruism) [30], informational (rumors), or behavioral (smoking) [31].
If no typing data are available, alternatives may still exist - for example, using epidemiological data that link strains within a particular outbreak.
Our study was a rapid, cross-sectional analysis in response to a particular outbreak, and as such suffers from a number of limitations.
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But the agriculture ministry is accused of not reporting all outbreaks, and of being slow to investigate others not wanting to look incompetent, while actually exacerbating the problem.The virus spreads by various means and it is often difficult to pinpoint the cause of any particular outbreak: for instance, it is unclear why it has re-emerged in Japan after three years' absence.
A crowded environment is an acknowledged risk factor for influenza transmission and probably played a role in this particular outbreak (1 ).
However, reproducing one particular outbreak should be just a starting point for a validation strategy.
19 This outbreak has long been thought to have been caused by a viral infection and has been associated with a number of viruses, most notably Epstein-Barr virus 20 and human herpes virus 6, 21 but firm evidence for a role of viruses in this particular outbreak has never been provided.
The most recognizable symptom of Congenital Zika Syndrome — and the first sign that this particular outbreak of Zika involved a new and unprecedentedly strong mutation of the virus — is microcephaly, or an abnormally small skull.
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