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A parallel evolution of the structural and textural properties of the nanofibers during HT was found, suggesting that a decrease of the specific surface area is caused by the removal of structural defects and an increase of crystallite size.
During this evolution, there was a parallel evolution of the core genome and stx as the most important virulence marker as both were almost exclusively associated in a fixed combination within the different SNP-CCs (fig. 4).
In summary, the analyses of the evolutionary history of these three TCS in this bacterial group do not provide evidence against a parallel evolution of the two genes, with no signs of gene recruitment and a vertical signal explaining their evolution.
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By rejecting the turtles plus crocodilians grouping, our analysis could possibly be interpreted as evidence for a parallel evolution of these genomic features in the two lineages, or, perhaps more plausibly, recent evolution of bird-specific features in the avian lineage.
We suggest that Vmn1r67's unusual evolution in M. m domesticus and M. m. musculus may have occurred in response to a parallel evolution of unique Abpa27 signals in the two subspecies, explaining the strong LD between Vmn1r67 and Abpa27.
Therefore, even if these lineages experience a parallel evolution of some characters (see below), each lineage is clearly distinct and has its own evolutionary history.
The common occurrence of wingless queens as sporadic anomalies in colonies, as well as the evolution of species with alternative or fixed phenotypes, indicates the existence of an ancestral developmental potential to produce wingless queens in Monomorium, which likely played a role in facilitating the parallel evolution of the wingless queen phenotype within M. emersoni.
At present an alternative hypothesis that invokes parallel evolution of the reversed conditions in rebbachisaurids and dicraeosaurids cannot be definitively excluded until the position of other small-bodied basal diplodocoids, such as Suuwassea, are better resolved.
We hypothesize that this might be a possible reason for the multiple parallel evolution of the octotaxic system and wrinkled gastronotic cuticle structure in nymphs, but further detailed correlation studies including more taxa are necessary to allow for robust conclusions.
Abascal et al. [12] found parallel evolution of the genetic code in Arthropod mitogenomes, in which the AGG codon was reassigned between Lys and Ser.
In order to assess the parallel evolution of the two studied lineages, we use two different approaches, both based on a multivariate analysis using the subset of characters previously identified to be potentially involved in this case of parallel evolution.
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