We list all countries where a pair of languages are co-spoken; for each country we compute the probability of a person to speak both languages.
We create a link between a pair of languages i, j if the observed z-score, (z_{ij}), is above the threshold t [42].
Finally, to find the cumulative z-score for a pair of languages i, j, we sum their z-scores over all concepts z_{ij} = sum_{c}z_{ij}^{c}.
In a pair of English-language tweets on Monday, she wrote: "I respect the Obama family and apologise for not clearly stating earlier that I don't support the tweeted photo or racism in any form.
He once told an LA Weekly writer that he was a millionaire architect and filmmaker in his native Iran before fleeing the 1979 revolution and that he had written thousands of songs and poems and made a pair of English-language films called Under the Skin of Night and Tough and Restless.
The missing ingredient was a fuller understanding of language itselfThe earliest method, "direct translation", is applied strictly to a single pair of languages, usually in just one direction (say, from Japanese to English only).
Combined wiThereps like Blue Canoe, which focuses on pronunciation, English learners are beginning to have a real wealth of resources online.
To compare the difference between observed and expected link weights, we compute a z-score (z_{ij}^{c}) for each concept and pair of languages i, j, defined as z_{ij}^{c} = frac{w_{ij}^{c} - mathrm {E}[w_{ij}^{c}]}{sigma_{ij}^{c}}, (3) where (sigma_{ij}^{c}) is the standard deviation of the expected link weight [42].
During a college break, I appeared at the Chteau Laborde with a rudimentary knowledge of a few European languages, a pair of sturdy gloves for hauling rope and an ability to open champagne bottles with a sword; I was hired as a crew member for the summer.
The key sort of example in the philosophy of language involves a pair of sentences, such as "Hesperus is the morning star" and "Hesperus is the evening star", that are the same except for containing different terms that refer to or denote the same thing (both "the morning star" and "the evening star" denote Venus).
The company has 15 pairs and is working to add others, but developing just one pair of languages -- Korean and Chinese, for example -- can take up to 18 months, said Jeff Hopkins, vice president of engineering for the company.
