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Second, the best-fitting dispersal curve for cultivated pollen dispersion around the date of emission, Tcult, is a normal dispersal kernel (Fig. S1, Table 1).
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The observed population relationships agreed with the population structure predicted by normal dispersal models of recently expanding populations, with a portion of individuals migrating beyond neighbouring demes because of rare long-distance migrants founding pocket populations under this dispersal scenario [ 16].
With regard to the temporal dispersion of cultivated pollen, we found that the normal dispersal kernel provided fits similar to the exponential power kernel and better than the exponential kernel (Table 1).
The ectopic zebrin II-immunopositive cells that are present in the AZ were located beneath the P2+ stripes (Fig. 3N) and are likely misaligned Purkinje cells that failed to complete their normal dispersal.
Previous mathematical modeling of hemocyte dispersal suggested that tightly controlled CIL behavior was essential for their normal dispersal (Davis et al., 2012).
Analysis of Hem J4-48 and Hem 03335 mutants revealed Hem is necessary for normal dispersal, migration at stage 15 and lamellipodia formation by hemocytes.
The normal dispersal kernel obtained under the 'best model' implies that the probability of crop-to-weed pollen flow rapidly dropped as the temporal distance between weedy and cultivated plants increased (Fig. S1).
The mean dispersal distance can be obtained from σ by assuming a normal distribution of dispersal distance (blue line).
Three dispersal kernels were fitted to the dispersal data: a normal, a negative exponential, and a square root negative exponential kernel.
The dispersal distance (D) was a random value drawn from a normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation d (negative values were converted to positive values).
The lower survival observed in dispersers suggests a dispersal cost.
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