The Dutch, on the whole, speak better English than probably any non-native population in continental Europe, one of the hallmarks of a consistently excellent education system that also scores among the highest worldwide in math and science metrics.
Luxembourg, currently by far the most affluent EU country, is a special case, with very high net migration levels and a large non-native population.
All European populations, the non-native population in North America and one Asian population formed a tight cluster (EIK group), whereas two other Asian populations and the native North American population formed a second cluster (MMS group; Fig. 7A).
Early California was not so much Mexican as empty; the non-native population in 1840 was less than 10,000.
Chinese private enterprise, the second-largest owner of natural resources in both South America and Canada (after the Chinese government), encompasses the largest non-native population of fluent English speakers in the world.
Generally, the youngest age group and men are slightly underrepresented but the proportion of urban and non-native population corresponds well with censuses.
In agreement with the above, none of the five separate GLMMs within location (used to test prediction 1) found a native population to outperform non-native populations within location.
Three samples from Belém, Brazil, formed a well-supported clade with non-native populations from Florida and Cuba (Fig. 5), exhibiting 0.4 to 1.8% sequence difference from the introduced populations.
The six putative non-native populations in Turkey (Appendix A) contained exclusively haplotypes of the Eastern phylogroup (Fig. 2B D), which made them indistinguishable from the other sites in the eastern part of the range (Figs 2E and 4).
Genetic studies of the New Zealand populations suggests a possibility that these were secondarily introduced from non-native populations of C. mutica in the Atlantic through ballast water in the sea chests of international shipping.
