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The strength of the association between ranks of hardness and ranks based on the proportion of positive results was tested with Kendall's τ-c, that between ranks of hardness and positive/negative outcome (which is a nominal category) was measured by Cramer's V.
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We measure the quality of the components by perplexity, which is a measure of the ability of a model to recover an underlying nominal category, and commonly used, e.g., in natural language processing.
Since breast cancer is known to be a heterogenous disease the nominal category of the diagnosis alone does not provide the clinician with sufficient information for treatment decisions.
Stratification according to grade should reflect therapeutic, prognostic, or biological differences within a nominal diagnostic category.
To aid this, histopathological grade is intended to provide additional information to a nominal diagnostic category; information which should have prognostic or therapeutic implications.
Since control subjects were assigned to a nominal treatment category, but not given dopaminergic medication, an effect of medication in Parkinson's disease may be seen as an interaction between medication and subject variables, or as a simple main effect of medication within the patient group.
Since it belongs to the nominal category, it is treated as a grammatical object in OV.
The discussion of the phrase yì diǎn 'one dot' with DOU and YE so far shows that it deviates from the nominal category and instead functions as an adverbial modifier.
Limiting the range of permitted weeks of pregnancy for placing each maternal BPb in its nominal category probably enhanced our ability to detect pregnancy phase-specific BPb effects.
Because most studies did not provide mean consumption of tea or coffee in each nominal category, these trend estimates might have been affected by the choice of cutoffs in each study and the assumed mean consumption in each study-specific category.
However, an interesting possibility is that some of the apparent complexity of MD epidemiology may arise merely as an artifact of forcing a presumably continuous phenomenon into nominal categories.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com