Small intron size in volant lineages is less easily explained as a neutral consequence of large effective population size.
This model would also argue against an adaptive role for CNV hotspots, which, in such a model, could be a neutral consequence of sequence homogenization of segmental duplications.
In the neutral consequences task, there would be no consequences for correct or incorrect responses but, "most participants assigned to the neutral consequences task find it rather dull and boring" (Batson et al. 1997: 1339).
Those that also improve gene function will be fixed more rapidly, those with neutral and nearly neutral consequences for gene function will be fixed more often, and those that are significantly deleterious will be eliminated only after more selective deaths.
Another argument against technology, as tools in themselves, involves a similar shift: technology is not neutral as it can have non-neutral consequences.
He used incommensurability to attack the idea, prominent among logical positivists and logical empiricists, that comparing theories requires translating their consequences into a neutral observation language (cf. Hoyningen-Huene 1993, 213-214).
From this point of view, the low number of precursor metabolites and thus the emergence of bow-tie structure could be the consequence of maximizing the average biomass production rate and is not necessarily the exclusive consequence of a neutral evolutionary process, as previously suggested [ 12].
As discussed recently, this absence of a red-shift is most likely a consequence of a neutral residue (Phe139) on helix B; in the case of most high-efficiency ChRs that do exhibit red-shifts, they have a positively charged Lys as the homologue.
Since language testing is not a neutral practice, it may trigger some consequences for test takers.
This does rule out the possibility of using a neutral observation language to compare the empirical consequences of two incommensurable theories.
