b generalizes the model of lifetime payments for 3 time periods (two as a net-payer into and one as a beneficiary of risk adjustment).
For example, the group of 51 to 55 year old women still received a small payment from the fund in 1996, whereas 15 years later the same age group has become a net-payer.
Given that the UK is a substantial net payer into the EU budget, Brexit might mean renegotiating the whole EU budgetary framework in the next few years.
Because d N was positive in the past (the fraction of net payers - corresponding to all age groups between 19 and 60 years - increased at 0.33% p.a., although not continuously [21]) it is reasonable to assume that all growth rates of net payer fractions combined as a function of i are also monotonically increasing.
"My cynical explanation is that we are not the net payer in the European Union.
A smaller EU budget is very much in the interest of Germany, the EU's biggest net payer.
For those dismissing the vote as the kind of "nativist" bigotry they say inspires the Trump movement in America, there is that inconvenient other little fact that the UK is the second largest net payer in the EU, next to Germany.
Moreover, expanding social protection for vulnerable workers could be met with resistance from the majority with a low unemployment risk (the net payers) owing to the considerable costs of such reforms.
Mike Jacobs, a senior energy analyst at the Union of Concerned Scientists, pointed out in a recent blog that IER ignored the fact that a number of the states it identified as "net payers" are home to wind industry manufacturing facilities.
By cutting the size of the budget, it appeals to big net payers, such as the Germans and the Dutch.
It distorts the EU budget: countries that are net beneficiaries try to boost spending, those that are net payers try to cut it.
